Denmark’s Strategic Shift from Atlanticism to European Defense
Denmark has long been a strong ally of NATO, relying on transatlantic security cooperation for its defense strategy. However, recent geopolitical shifts, concerns over US foreign policy, and increasing European defense initiatives have driven Denmark to reconsider its position. This transformation marks a historic shift from a US-centric security approach to deeper integration within the European Union’s defense framework.
Denmark’s Historical Stance on European Defense
For decades, Denmark maintained a reserved approach to EU-led defense initiatives. The country secured multiple opt-outs from the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, excluding itself from EU military cooperation. This decision was influenced by concerns over national sovereignty and a preference for NATO’s leadership in security matters.
Despite these reservations, Denmark remained an active NATO member, contributing to alliance missions while avoiding deeper European defense commitments. However, a series of global developments have pushed Denmark to reconsider its role in European security.
Key Factors Driving Denmark’s Policy Shift
1. Uncertainty in US Foreign Policy
Denmark’s reassessment of its defense policy was partly triggered by growing concerns over US foreign policy unpredictability. In particular, Washington’s interest in Greenland, an autonomous Danish territory, raised alarms in Copenhagen. Statements from US officials regarding potential economic and military control over Greenland reinforced Danish fears of strategic vulnerability.
2. Strengthening European Strategic Autonomy
The European Union has made significant strides in defense cooperation through initiatives like:
- Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) – A framework for deeper defense collaboration among EU states.
- The European Defense Fund (EDF) – A financial mechanism to support joint military projects.
Denmark’s decision to engage more actively in these initiatives signals a recognition of the EU’s growing role in global security.
3. Deepening Cooperation with European Allies
Denmark has increasingly strengthened its defense ties with Germany, France, and its Nordic neighbors. Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen has actively engaged in diplomatic efforts to bolster European military partnerships.
Read more: Denmark Strengthens Military Presence
Denmark’s Integration into European Defense
Denmark’s historic vote to remove its defense opt-out has paved the way for increased participation in EU military missions. Key changes include:
- Greater involvement in joint EU military operations.
- Increased defense spending to align with European security objectives.
- Strengthened collaboration on Arctic security due to its strategic importance.
Implications for European Security
Denmark’s shift enhances the EU’s ability to develop independent defense capabilities. While NATO remains central to Danish security, the country’s growing role in European defense strengthens the EU’s position as a global security player.
This shift aligns with broader European efforts to reduce dependency on US military support and build a more self-reliant defense strategy.
Denmark’s transition from an Atlanticist security policy to deeper European defense integration marks a significant geopolitical realignment. The country’s increasing engagement in EU defense initiatives reflects a broader European movement towards strategic autonomy.
Explore more: European Security and Defense Policy